Using Error Logs in L2 Writing
Poster presented by Robyn Dingfelder at CATESOL LA Regional Conference, March 8, 2014
Summary
Accuracy matters, especially when it comes to L2 writing. When academic and professional fields demand high standards in writing accuracy, ESL/EFL teachers need resources that will help develop both the student’s writing and the writer himself. Research suggests that error charts can be used to:
This error logging tool holds useful potential for teachers and students, but it is not auto-powered. To get the most out of it, students need to be trained and held accountable as they use error logs alongside other classroom instruction and self-editing resources. Error logs are best used as part of a battery of self-editing practices.
Research
The following studies found the use of error logs to be a beneficial part of the editing package for students.
Lalande (1982)
Error Logs: Process and Advice for Use
References
Summary
Accuracy matters, especially when it comes to L2 writing. When academic and professional fields demand high standards in writing accuracy, ESL/EFL teachers need resources that will help develop both the student’s writing and the writer himself. Research suggests that error charts can be used to:
- raise awareness of error frequency,
- motivate students and
- increase accuracy in L2 writing.
This error logging tool holds useful potential for teachers and students, but it is not auto-powered. To get the most out of it, students need to be trained and held accountable as they use error logs alongside other classroom instruction and self-editing resources. Error logs are best used as part of a battery of self-editing practices.
Research
The following studies found the use of error logs to be a beneficial part of the editing package for students.
Lalande (1982)
- Research Question: What techniques & tools will help them decrease errors and help them mature as writers?
- Methods: Ss tallied errors with Error Awareness Sheet. Ss corrected errors using problem-solving techniques & grammar resources.
- Findings: Ss who used error logs made better progress in accuracy than those who did not. Study had too many variables; however error logs appeared to be a factor in yielding positive results in student accuracy.
- Research Question: What training techniques & tools will develop effective self-editors?
- Methods: Error logs were kept for each student to monitor changes in accuracy. Ss were trained in self-editing tools.
- Findings: Most Ss reduced their overall percentage of errors over the semester. Study was not experimental, so it is impossible to determine if the improvement was purely a result of the teaching techniques.
- Research Question: Do student error logs help improve writing accuracy?
- Methods: Experiment--Error logs were used with one group of Ss and not the other.
- Findings: Ss who used error logs made better progress in accuracy than those who did not.
- Research Question: Does charting the frequency of written errors help students become better writers over time?
- Methods: Experiment--Class A (university IEP reading/writing class) used an Error Correction Chart to tally errors on all teacher-marked essays, while Class B used it only for error code reference. Pre- and post-course surveys were given to identify students’ perceived gains using the ECC.
- Findings: Study skewed by design flaw (Ss lacked accountability, and thus did not use chart as intended); however, student survey results indicated that error charts raised awareness of errors and motivated students to improve.
Error Logs: Process and Advice for Use
- Train. Give clear instructions about how to use the chart, including the purpose of the chart and an explanation of your essay marking strategy (i.e., Will you grade all errors comprehensively? Only certain types of errors for certain types of writing?).
- Mark. Keep it simple and mark papers with consistency, whether with direct or indirect feedback. Use fewer error codes to make it easier to mark and tally errors. Also, if you are using logs in process writing, track errors on the final draft for summative assessment of their progress.
- Tally. Students tally and record errors by categories. Avoid potential discouragement by reminding students that error logs are simply a tool to make them aware of weak writing areas. Calculate error percentages for each essay rather than raw scores. (Total errors / total word count = error percentage)
- Prioritize. Do not try to attend to all errors at once. Once key problem areas are determined for each student, prioritize attention to serious errors that impede understanding and frequent, distracting errors. Incorporate supplemental mini-grammar lessons or activities to help students practice problematic areas (Bates, L., Lane, J., & Lange, E., 1993 and Ferris, 1995).
- Monitor. Monitor student progress and keep them motivated and accountable with a grade. Refer to the chart regularly as a reminder and integrate it into classroom activities such as other editing exercises.
References
- Bates, L., Lane, J., & Lange, E. (1993). Writing clearly: Responding to ESL compositions. Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle.
- Brown, D. (2012). The Written Corrective Feedback Debate: Next Steps for Classroom Teachers and Practitioners. TESOL Quarterly, 46: 861–867. doi: 10.1002/tesq.63
- Ferris, D. R. (1995). Can advanced ESL students become effective self-editors? The CATESOL Journal, 8, 41-62.
- Ferris, D. R. (2002). Treatment of error in second language student writing. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
- Ferris, D. R. (2003). Response to student writing: Implications for second language students. Marwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Lalande, J. F. (1982). Reducing composition errors: An experiment. Modern Language Journal, 66, 140-149.